Department of Finance. Department of Management Department of Management. Department of Management. Department of Marketing Department of Marketing. Department of Marketing. Business students in Boise and Beirut form multicultural team to tackle global issues.
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This may include, purchase of raw materials, from foreign suppliers, assembling products from components made in several countries or selling products or services to customers in other nations. It will help you to understand the question paper pattern and type of international business management question and answer asked in MBA 2nd year international business management exam. Below is the list of international business management books recommended by the top university in India.
In the above article, a student can download international business management notes for MBA 2nd year and international business management notes for MBA 4th semester. During the current COVID outbreak, some difficult decisions had to be made, including temporarily shut down of the various businesses. The fact is that this pandemic clearly demonstrated different companies from different industries are closely connected to each other all over the world Sebastian, ; Shahidi, It is very important to protect and maintain the health of people working in the food supply chain during this time of crisis FAO and WHO, However, keeping the distribution chain alive by the supply management strategies is also important to meet the consumer demands De Sousa Jabbour et al.
Maintaining the flow of food and commodities throughout the supply chain should be ensured with the contribution of all stakeholders. Consumers generally do not think much about how the food on their tables is produced. However, concerns about food safety in the midst of the global pandemic have drawn attention to the enormous infrastructure and workforce responsible for creating a safe and reliable food supply worldwide.
Especially at the beginning of this global crisis, consumer demand for food has increased and some store shelves have been temporarily emptied and resulted in excess purchases of essential products. However, despite this unprecedented demand, the food supply chain remained strong, since many supply chain actors, including farmers, producers, distributors, and retailers, have worked hard to renew shelves Nicola et al. Despite the large scale of the pandemic, there is no report that COVID has been transmitted through food consumption to date.
However, after the latest infections have been seen in Xinfandi market due to salmon processing, it can be concluded that the risk of the virus that transmitted through foods is lower than the perceived risk.
Considering the survival time of SARS-CoV-2 in different environments such as plastic, steel, or cardboard, it is possible that animal tissues meat, fish, or poultry might be a serious source for foodborne transmission. Hygiene controls by food business operators are designed to prevent contamination of food by any pathogen and will therefore aim to prevent contamination of foods by the virus responsible for COVID too Arellano, ; Dalton, ; EC, ; Pressman et al.
However, some cooking and eating habits may lead to the reappearance of the coronavirus from animals to humans Rizou et al. To summarize, four major issues have been raised in the food industry and the food supply chain during the COVID outbreak.
Therefore, the demand for the functional foods which contain bioactive ingredients increased. Secondly, food safety has gained more attention to prevent the transmission of coronavirus among producers, retailers, and consumers.
Thirdly, food security concerns have arisen because of the people on lockdown restrictions. Lastly, food sustainability problems have emerged in the era of pandemic Galanakis, In the light of recent challenges in food supply chain, there is now considerable concern about the food supply chain.
Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide information about the effects of the COVID outbreak in the food supply chain and to summarize the measures taken to minimize these effects. Formal and informal sources were used to obtain information about the food supply chain during COVID outbreak.
Two systems are being used in the food supply chain regarding food quality and safety. The First one is based on regulations and laws that use mandatory standards which are inspected by state agencies. The Second one is relying on voluntary standards which are defined by market laws or international associations Bendekovic et al.
Protective measures in the last stages of the food supply chain are critical since more people can be potentially affected as moved towards the last stages Rizou et al.
Unlike foot and mouth disease, bird flu, Escherichia coli E. However, due to the pandemic, governments around the world have made significant restrictions in the transportation land, water, and air transport of goods, as well as in the migration of labour. In developing and underdeveloped countries, temporary or seasonal employment is common, especially for planting, sorting, harvesting, processing, or transporting crops to markets.
Therefore, the supply chain is significantly affected as a result of the absence of local or migrant workers due to sickness or travel restrictions imposed by lockdown. It also weakens not only production abilities for others, but also their own food safety, in cases where the disease directly affects their health or movement FAO, k. Especially, labour shortage due to COVID crisis caused severe disruptions in some sectors such as livestock production, horticulture, planting, harvesting, and crop processing which are relatively labour intensive Stephens et al.
Due to the fact that many skilled workers in the harvest could not access various countries because of the border controls, a call has been made to the unemployed persons to work in the fields in France. However, due to the shortage of workforce as a result of illness and physical distance to be maintained during production, the crisis undermines the ability of farms and agricultural businesses to work.
These conditions retarded the delivery of food and agricultural inputs and created problems in providing continuous food supply to markets ILO, Although many manufacturers rely on their core inputs, most are more susceptible to disruptions, as they must obtain their requirements from domestic markets.
Logistics barriers that disrupt food supply chains further weaken high-value goods due to their short shelf life Shahidi, ; FAO, j , FAO, k.
Most agricultural activities depend on the season and weather, and therefore, activities need to follow a fine-tuned schedule with flexibility so that immediate actions can be performed when needed. Since all processes and stages in a supply chain are strongly connected to each other, a slight delay or glitch can trigger a butterfly effect resulting in a big loss in the yield and output FAO, k.
Actually, there are many reports that farmers were forced to destroy their products by burning or leaving them to spoil because of the restrictions. Dairy Farmers in America Co-operative consider 14 million litres of milk are being dumped every day due to interrupted supply chain. In England, chair of dairy farmers reported that approximately 5 million litres of milk are at risk in one week.
Also, It was reported that tea plants were being lost because of the logistical challenges in India BBC, a. Therefore, maintaining logistical efficiency is a key factor for the food industry, especially in global crisis. The biggest issues in the food supply chain are obtaining raw materials from suppliers and ensuring the continuity of food flow from manufacturers to end users Alonso et al. The problems are jeopardizing the ability of agricultural businesses to continue their business as usual, and may have negative effects on food quality, freshness, and food safety, and hinder access to markets and affordability FAO, k.
As countries struggle with that pandemic, they must make every effort to move the gears of the food supply chains. The impact of pandemic problems on agricultural systems largely depends on the intensity and composition of agricultural inputs and varies depending on the product produced and the country. Capital-intensive techniques are usually used in high-income countries for agricultural production, whereas production is mostly labour dependent in low-income countries.
Thus, the supply chain should be kept running with a particular focus on the basics of logistic challenges FAO, j. Food sector contains many diverse products such as meat, fruit, vegetable, dairy, ready-to-eat foods, and other edible products Hueston and McLeod, However, the food and agriculture chain can be broadly classified into two categories regarding capital investment and labour.
The First one can be defined as staple products such as wheat, corn, maize, soybeans, and oilseeds. The Second one contains high-value products such as fruit, vegetables, and fisheries. Staple products require large amounts of capital investments.
Restriction between cities, provinces, regions, and countries has a negative impact on the distribution of staple products FAO, c. In contrast to staple products, a great deal of labour is required to obtain high-value products.
The challenges that have been driven by movement restriction national or international border closures and the changes in demand of consumers are important. Because of the restrictions, consumers cannot go to restaurants and they prepare their meals at home. The supply chain affects not only producers, distributors, and consumers, but also food-processing plants that are labour intensive.
Production was reduced, suspended, or temporarily discontinued in many plants due to the workers who were found to be COVID positive and who were reluctant to go to work, thinking that they would get sick at work, mostly in meat-processing food companies at the time of the outbreak. In this context, there were at least meat packaging and food-processing plants and 93 farm and production facilities were affected by COVID cases in the USA.
At least 54, workers 39, meat packaging workers, 8, food-processing workers, and 5, farmers have been identified as COVID positive and at least workers meat packaging workers, 34 food-processing workers, and 14 farm workers have lost their lives Douglas, In Brazil, 2, meat plant workers were identified as COVID positive from 24 slaughterhouses in 18 municipalities. Several meat factories suspended their operations after positive cases in England and Wales.
In Gana, staff tested positive for the virus at a fish-processing factory. Close-down of the food plants created the ripple effect in food supply chain. Producers have been forced to cull the farm animals since they could not find any plant to sell their livestock. Greater consumer demand resulted in empty shelves and a decrease in supply caused an increase in the price of meat products. Some of the markets limited the number of items such as beef and pork products that a single customer could buy.
Food services were also affected, and some restaurants stopped serving beef hamburgers Hobbs, ; Levany, ; Murphy, ; Rude, ; Valinsky, Despite government reassurances, some of the stores started free delivery services on orders to prevent panic-buying.
In addition, supermarkets determined the number of people allowed at any given time to stop overcrowding. Stores also adjusted special shopping hours for vulnerable customers Nicola et al. There are several reasons at play that make food-processing facilities potential hotbeds for outbreak. Keeping social distance inside the food plants is difficult because workers stand side by side during long shifts on production lines. In addition, talking loudly or shouting, due to noisy enivironments, results in the release of more droplets to the air Stewart et al.
Employees also travel on the same buses or use car-sharing systems allowing the virus to spread further. Moreover, the majority of workers have lower income and mostly do not have insurance coverage or paid sick leave.
Therefore, food-processing workers are taking risk to go work even if they feel sick which increase the risk of infection. Cold and humid environment inside the food-processing facilities is another factor that facilitates the spread of the COVID It is possible that cold and dark environments without any ultraviolet light can keep coronavirus alive and might result in an increase in the rates of transmission Artiga and Rae, ; Gulland, In addition, it was found that the virus is stable on smooth surfaces, however susceptible to standard disinfectants Chin et al.
Another study by Van Doremalen et al. The same study revealed that virus was viable for 4, 24, 48, and 72 h on copper, cardboard, stainless steel, and plastic, respectively. Centralized food manufacturing is another factor that caused disruption of food chains during COVID outbreak. This paradigm helped the food processors to increase production and reduce the costs.
However, centralization has some drawbacks such as rigid and lengthy supply chain issues. In addition, using the small number of very large production facilities to meet the demands might create problems Almena et al.
Governments are also facing financial pressures due to the economic shrinkage and reallocating their resources focusing on financial incentives and social assistance programs. Therefore, it may be difficult to support programs aimed to improve productivity at the farm levels. It is possible that inadequate funding may reduce the demand for agricultural production and productivity over the medium term.
The drop in demand will particularly harm the emerging private sector in developing countries FAO, e , h. The information provided by WHO indicated that coronavirus is transmitted through direct contact or respiratory droplets, however, the latest infections encountered in Xinfandi market raised questions over spread of coronavirus through food. Officials have detected more than infected people, mostly serving at seafood, beef, and mutton sections.
The coronavirus was detected on the board used for cutting up salmon at market. Officials point out that high humidity and low temperature conditions in Beijing might be the reason for transmission of coronavirus.
The government blocked the entrances by police and temporarily closed the market due to the fears of a second wave of pandemic on June Negotiations between Norwegian and Chinese authorities are currently in progress to clear up the backlog. However, not only the supply of seafoods was affected, but also meat, fruit, and vegetables supply were damaged with the closure of the entire Xinfandi market.
Authorities are trying to establish special trading places in the near future to maintain the supply chain of vegetables and fruits. In addition, government is considering to take actions to increase the hygienic standards in food markets Globaltimes, ; Reuters, Authorities tested around 30, foods including meat, seafood, fruit, and vegetable between 11 and 17 June and results were negative for all samples.
Food exporters to China were asked to sign official declarations in which they give a guarantee for their products that it is not contaminated by coronavirus. However, some of the exporters such as Brazilian grain exporters did not agree to sign the declaration Good, ; Patton, As a result, the COVID pandemic ensured the use of mechanisms designed for emergency and affected contractual transactions in the food supply chains. At the same time, it resulted in the changes in the supply—demand balance and left small producers and operators in a difficult situation FAO, i.
In addition, the number of visits to food store and spending money on food in per visit changed Bakalis et al. COVID outbreak interrupted the daily routine and resulted in boredom which can be defined as high energy intake by the consumption of high amount of fat, carbohydrate, and proteins.
In addition, quarantine caused stress in people and pushed them toward sugary foods for feeling positive, because carbohydrate-rich foods can be used as self-medicating components due to their ability to encourage serotonin production.
However, these unhealthy eating habits may contribute to the development of obesity linked to the chronic inflammation and serious complications of COVID Muscogiuri et al. The number of visits to food store was decreased whilst spending money on food was raised per visit.
In European countries, flour which is a staple product received more attention and not found on food store shelves due to the interest in home-baking as a family activity. Interestingly, bread and baked products kept their place on the supermarket shelves. Consumers have focused on the products with long shelf life such as dried or canned foods, pasta, milk, or milk substitutes, and frozen foods due to convenience and daily cooking at home.
People stocked these foods at home because of the turn to home baking and believing rumours or getting false information. Consumers preferred takeaway and home delivery options as a result of social distance and closure of restaurants Bakalis et al.
Indeed, it was interesting to note that the shortage of eggs was not only due to increased demand but also lack of packaging for retail.
The U. Food and Drug Administration provided flexibility related to the packaging and labelling of eggs due to the insufficient availability of appropriately labelled retail packages to fulfill the demand and facilitate the distribution of eggs during COVID pandemic FDA, ; Mazili, ; Reiley, However, the demand for alcoholic beverages increased about twice, one month after pandemic announcement Crisp, Climate of India 4.
The natural vegetation of India 5. Soils 6. Population 7. Irrigation 8. Agriculture 9. Minerals Industries Transportation Geography of Andhra Pradesh. Subject Units Public Administration I. Administrative Machinery in India II. Urban Development Administration IV. Rural Development Administration V. Social Welfare Administration VI. Citizen Administration VII. Emerging Trends and Issues in Administration. Question: When will AP Inter 2nd year exams be held? Question: What are the passing marks for AP Inter exams?
Question: Has the AP Inter syllabus reduced? Latest Articles. Read More. Know all updates and news on school reopening in Andhra Prades View All News and Articles. Questions related to AP Intermediate Board. Showing 19 out of 19 Questions. Sohana Khan 19th Oct, Hello Maaz, Hope you are doing well. Horticulture B Sc. Forestry B V Sc. Food Technology FT B. C — Bachelor of Pharmacy Bi. C Pharm-D Bi. Bsc agriculture. Bsc horticulture bachelor of naturopathy and surgery I think this would be helpful.
Best wishes ahead. Answer later. Hello, If you are seeking admission to higher education after passing in Second year Intermediate from AP BIE then yes, you are eligible to get admission in higher studies after passing in Second year Intermediate. Hello, Inter admission means the 11th class admission process. All the best. Bhavesh gupta 3rd Aug, Hello Siva Hope you are doing fine and great With reference to your query, I would glad to tell you that admission criteria of sastra university is not based completely on jee mains percentile.
Due to variation in number of application every year,cut off also varies Hope you found this answer helpful. Good luck for your future. Shubham Dhane 23rd Apr, View All Questions. Have a question related to AP Intermediate Board? Related E-books and Sample Papers. Free Download. AP Inter supplementary result declared; Know how to check. Difference Between Resistance and Resistivity 1 hour ago.
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